Vali or Sudis (palisade stakes)

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The sudis (pl. sudes) is a Latin word meaning stake. It was the name given to stakes carried by Roman legionaries for employment as a field fortification, sometimes also called vallus, pl. vali. It is frequently, but incorrectly, called a pilum murale meaning "wall spear."

The stakes were carried by Roman legionaries, typically two were carried by each soldier.

Each stake was made of hardwood, usually oak, about 150-180 cm (4.9-5.9 ft) long and about 50-100 mm (2.0-3.9 in) wide at the thickest point. Square in section, the shape tapers to a point at both ends. The central part is narrowed in a way that strongly suggests the function of a handle, although this may not be its actual purpose. Examples that have been found are rough-hewn.

It seems clear that the stakes were used to form a temporary defense. However, the exact manner in which stakes were used is the subject of debate among experts.

Left, example of sudes tied together. (Photo courtesy of unit friend, David Wills of Cohort V)

It is possible that the stakes were incorporated into the ramparts of a Roman marching camp (castra). Projecting from the ramparts at an angle, they would present a barrier to an attacker attempting to climb up. Alternatively, they could have been placed vertically at the top of the rampart as a fence. Experiments with reconstructions have been disappointing in that such barriers are not strong, as the symmetry of the stakes makes them easy to pull out of the ground.

It has been proposed that the stakes were lashed in pairs at intervals along a log or beam to form a Cheval de frise. This could be used, for example, as a moveable barrier to bar a gateway. Alternatively, three stakes might be roped together into a defense resembling the "Czech hedgehog" —a sort of giant caltrop. Defenses of this type, employed en masse, can be pushed aside only with difficulty and cannot be collapsed. The advantage of such suggested modes of use is that they are consistent with the symmetry of the stakes and account for the hand grip at the centre which is required to bind the stakes together.

In the Battle of Mons Algidus (458 BC), Cincinnatus ordered his men to provide twelve valli each, and used them to build a fortification around the Aequi, who were, at the same time surrounding another Roman army.